A nudge… is any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives.

<ul><li>Loss Aversion: We prefer not to lose rather than gain</li><li>Myopia: We make choices based on short term gain, often at long-term costs</li><li>Conformity: We tend to make choices to conform with the behaviour and expectations of others</li><li>Anchoring Bias: Choosing by relying too heavily on the first piece of information offered. </li><li>Availability Bias: Choosing by overestimating the likelihood something will happen because you can imagine it (e.g. being in a plane crash)</li><li>Representativity Bias: Choosing by overestimating the likelihood something will happen because it fits (is representative of) your expectations</li></ul>

Biases and fallacies in how we choose

A choice architect is one who indirectly influences the choices other people make. They are entitled to the responsibility for organizing the context in which people make decisions. If you design the ballot the voters use it to choose candidates or design the form that employees fill out to enroll in the company health care plan you are a choice architect. People will need nudges for rare and difficult decisions, for which they do not get prompt feedback and when they have trouble translating aspects of the situation into terms that they can easily understand.

Who is a Choice Architect and why do we need nudges?

The authorities at Schipol Airport in Amsterdam have etched the image of a black housefly into each urinal in the men's room. Men usually don't pay much attention to where they aim but if they see a target, their attention and accuracy increases.The natural urge is to aim (and drown the fly) resulted in 80% less splash. Cleaner restrooms lead to less cleaning leading to less harmful chemicals being used and also it doesn't hurt to make people laugh.

The Fly in the Urinal

iNcentives - The right incentives for the right people enable good decision-making processes.Understand Mappings is how people can better relate to the consequences of different decision pathwaysDefaults - People often leave the default decision on if they are too lazy to make a decision.Give Feedback - A good way to help humans improve their performance is to provide feedback.Expect Error - To err is human and designs should be made such that people are forewarned before a more disastrous outcome happens.Structure complex choices - having too many choices can cause choice overload, simplify.

6 Principles of good choice architecture

Insights from the architecture of choice reveal two opportunities for the innovator based on basic psychology and the fact that people have two distinctive thinking styles that they flip between;<ul><li>Reflective thinking (aka “Systematic”, “Central”, “System 2” thought) that is temporary, slow, considered, effortful and deliberate</li><li>Automatic thinking (aka “Heuristic”, Peripheral, System 1″ thought) which is our default style – quick, instinctive, impulsive and, critically, highly error-prone)</li></ul>

Two Opportunities

For a given choice there is a default option, an option that will obtain if the chooser does nothing, then we can expect a large number of people to end up with that option. Automatic renewal for magazine subscriptions is a classic example.If the choice architect forces to choose then keep 2 points in mind:<ul><li>Humans will often consider the required choice to be a nuisance or worse.</li><li>It should often be considered for simple yes or no decisions than for more complex decisions.</li></ul>

Defaults are ubiquitous and powerful

A good system of choice architecture helps people to improve their ability to map and select options that will make them better off.One way to do this is to make the information about various options more comprehensible, by transforming numerical information into units that translate more readily into actual use.If I am buying apples to make into apple cider, it helps to know the rule of thumb that it takes three apples to make one glass of cider.

Understand Mapping

<ol><li>Either play on the fallacies and biases that pattern our automatic (lazy) thinking (see list further down),</li><li>Or jolt people into reflective thinking by providing them with a new way of thinking about something </li></ol>

How to Change the World

How to prioritize what matters, and how good decisions are made.

problemsolving

Problem Solving

communication

Communication

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

timemanagement

Time Management

Making Better Decisions

Although this book is focused more on policy innovation, I liked the parts which show that any consumer-focused innovation should begin with understanding how consumers choose. 

Every day we make decisions: about the things that we buy or the meals we eat; about the investments we make or our children's health and education; even the causes that we champion or the planet itself. Unfortunately, we often choose poorly. We are all susceptible to biases that can lead us to make bad decisions that make us poorer, less healthy and less happy. And, as Thaler and Sunstein show, no choice is ever presented to us in a neutral way. By knowing how people think, we can make it easier for them to choose what is best for them, their families and society. Using dozens of eye-opening examples the authors demonstrate how to nudge us in the right directions, without restricting our freedom of choice. Nudge offers a unique new way of looking at the world for individuals and governments alike.This is one of the most engaging, provocative and important books you will ever read.

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

business

Business

creativity

Creativity

books

Books

Nudgeis the book that changes the way we think about choice, showing how we can influence people, improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness. Using eye-opening real life examples, Richard H. Thaler and Cass R Sunstein show that no choice is ever presented in a neutral way. The question is- when do we need a nudge in the right direction? SOME NUDGES-'I love this book. It is one of the few books I've read recently that fundamentally changes the way I think about the world. Just as surprising, it is fun to read, drawing on examples as far afield as urinals, organ donations and marriage' Steven D. Levitt, co-author of Freakonomics'This book is terrific. It will change the way you think, not only about the world around you and some of its bigger problems, but also about yourself' Michael Lewis author of Liar's Poker'Nudge won't nudge you - it will knock you off your feet' Daniel Gilbert, author of Stumbling on Happiness 'Hot stuff . . . an idea whose time seems to have come' Bryan Appleyard, Sunday Times'Hugely influential . . . choice architects are everywhere' Andrew Sparrow, Guardian'All the rage . . . the issue is not 'to nudge or not to nudge'; it is how to nudge well' Matthew Taylor, Daily Telegraph

Cass R. Sunstein

Richard H. Thaler

Nudge

Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness

Here are 3 lessons from One Simple Idea:<ul><li>Eliminate the competition by partnering with them.</li><li>Get your foot in the door of manufacturers with referrals from established buyers.</li><li>For new products, always make sure they appeal to a sub-audience.</li></ul>

The Three Key Takeaways

When you come up with ideas that are incremental improvements, they have the benefit of being validated already. If people buy red umbrellas, chances are they’ll buy green ones too. However, it also means that there will already be plenty of others trying to sell differently colored umbrellas.Take on a “if you can’t beat ’em, join ’em” mentality and explore opportunities to work together with competitors.

One Simple Idea: Eliminate Your Competition By Partnering With Them

Renting out your ideas means that in the end, you’ll stand for the product’s quality with your name, so make sure you live up to it.Whoever manufactures your product better be good. But the best suppliers already have a lot of business, so how can you get a class A producer as a newbie?By getting a referral. Remember the collaborations mentioned above? If you can get one of your major player allies to introduce you to their manufacturer, you’ll have a foot in the door and can negotiate a deal with someone who’ll deliver top notch quality.

Using Referrals

Chances are you won’t stop at renting out one idea, because if you can get it to work once, you’ll want more of it. But there’s one pitfall you have to avoid when coming up with more products that are similar to your previous one: changing the target audience.People who buy map sets want to go somewhere outdoors and hike, music freaks who want their lighting to match the bass probably want to stay inside the car as long as possible.It might seem like their tangentially related, but not really. Instead, build something that either servers the same customer segment, or a sub-set

Appeal To The Sub-Audience

You do not have to be Einstein to have a break through idea. If you have ever been shopping, then you can come up with ideas. The key here is to focus on thins that really annoy you. If they annoy you then maybe they annoy others. This is a starting point for a new idea. Think about problems and come up with solutions. This also gives you a reason to go shopping.

Tips For Licencing: Look For Ideas

The traditional licensing model works like this. Find an idea, build an expensive prototype, spend a small fortune for patent protection and hope it sells. This is why most people don't think of licensing as a viable career because the barriers APPEAR too big to bridge. Proving your idea before you spend any money is now easy to do. Google has built in traffic. It is a ready-made platform for idea creation and proof. One simple way to do this is to create a video of your idea and ask for feedback. You can do this for a few hundred dollars.

Tips For Licencing: Prove Your Idea

Contrary to negative belief; most companies do NOT want to steal your idea. The traditional way to protect your idea was to submit for patents. This is a very expensive endeavor.PPA: This is a provisional patent application and costs $110 to submit. This gives you Patent Pending status which is all you need for 1 year to prove your idea and get it to market. This one concept can pay for this book 5,000 times.

Tips For Licencing: Protect Your Idea

If you decide to bring your idea to market then you need to be schooled in business. This means you need money, management, and accounting, production, sales and marketing. Then after you have all this, you need customers. All of this is hard.Pitching your idea to the big guys is the way to go. They have the name brand, infrastructure and distribution channel to hit millions of people NOW. Everybody hates to cold call but this is required for you to pitch your idea. This is much easier than it seems because companies want new ideas and that is the hook for you to get in.

Pitching Your Idea

Turn your great idea into millions—without lifting a finger! Yes, a good idea is enough to build a fortune! Too many people think production, marketing, and distribution are essential to the entrepreneurial process. As One Simple Idea shows, you can hand these tasks off to others—and make big money in doing so. Stephen Key, a highly successful entrepreneur whose creations have generated billions of revenue, offers the simple, effortless secret to success: license your simple idea and let others do the work. Breaking down the process of generating and licensing a product idea to a large company, he explains why you don’t need to reinvent the wheel: Simple improvements to existing products can be very successful endeavors—and the most lucrative. The old method of bringing products to market through prototyping and patents doesn’t work anymore. It’s cheaper and more profitable to do it Key’s way. One Simple Idea gives you everything you need to tap into the marketing and sales power of partners and licensors for maximum profit.

career

Career

entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship

Turn your great idea into millions—without lifting a finger! Yes, a good idea is enough to build a fortune! Too many people think production, marketing, and distribution are essential to the entrepreneurial process. As One Simple Idea shows, you can hand these tasks off to others—and make big money in doing so. Stephen Key, a highly successful entrepreneur whose creations have generated billions of revenue, offers the simple, effortless secret to success: license your simple idea and let others do the work. Breaking down the process of generating and licensing a product idea to a large company, he explains why you don’t need to reinvent the wheel: Simple improvements to existing products can be very successful endeavors—and the most lucrative. The old method of bringing products to market through prototyping and patents doesn’t work anymore. It’s cheaper and more profitable to do it Key’s way. One Simple Idea gives you everything you need to tap into the marketing and sales power of partners and licensors for maximum profit.

Stephen Key

One Simple Idea: Turn Your Dreams into a Licensing Goldmine While Letting Others Do the Work

Over 50 years ago, science-fiction author Isaac Asimov wrote an essay on creativity, a must-read. Scientist Arthur Obermayer found Asimov's "On Creativity" while clearing out some old files. Even though the essay was written half a century ago, its contents are highly relevant for today. You should try to read <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/531911/isaac-asimov-asks-how-do-people-get-new-ideas/">the complete essay</a>, but here are a few of Asimov's ideas on how creativity occurs.

Isaac Asimov's "On Creativity"

What is needed is not only people with a good background in a specific field. People should be capable of connecting ideas that are not usually related. Consider the theory of evolution, created by both Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace.<ul><li>Both travelled to distant places.</li><li>Both observed strange species of plants and animals and how they varied from place to place.</li><li>Both were eager to find an explanation.</li><li>Both failed until they read Thomas Malthus's "Essay on population".</li></ul>

Creativity requires you to connect two unconnected ideas

We have difficulty thinking of an idea even when we have all the facts in front of us. Thomas H. Huxley exclaimed after reading On the Origin of Species, "How stupid of me not to have thought of this." Connecting unrelated ideas needs courage, as most people will cross-connect the related ideas. The ideas that seem very unreasonable at first requires daring, and only afterwards does it seem reasonable.

True creativity is only reasonable in retrospect

Creativity requires isolation. The creative person's mind is mixing information all the time, even if he is not conscious of it. Consider the famous example of Kekule working out the structure of benzene in his sleep. The presence of others can disrupt this process since creation is embarrassing and messy. Only one out of a thousand foolish ideas are good, and you don't want to display them all.

Sometimes it's best to brainstorm by yourself

No two people have the exact mental stores of items. One person may know A but not B, and the other may know B but not A. If both know A and B, they may get the idea, but not simultaneously. Further, the information may be a combination of A-B, which may not be significant. But if one mentions some unusual combination of A-B and the other of A-C, the combination of A-B-C may give an answer, which neither could find separately.

Creativity happens in collaborative environments too!

There must be a sense of comfort, permissiveness and relaxation. Generally, people disapprove of creativity. To be creative in public can be worrisome. Individuals must feel that other's won't make fun of them. Therefore, people must be willing to sound foolish and listen to others sound foolish.

Innovation happens when people are encouraged to discuss wild ideas without worrying about appearing stupid

Creative ideas never seem reasonable at first.

Ideas not going anywhere? Try these 5 tips on creativity from Isaac Asimov

An appropriate object can be photographed, printed, trimmed and then glued onto your workbook page – or digitally superimposed upon a page and then printed. Alternatively, you might photocopy an object (placing the item directly upon the photocopier or scanner, with teacher supervision) so that it seamlessly integrates with the page. The remainder of the mind map can then be added by hand. As the photograph becomes a dominant element upon the page, the object should be selected with care.

Take a beautiful photograph to place in the center

This approach gives you an opportunity to play with space and color, while recording ideas. A range of different painted marks could be used – splashes / smears / drips etc. It is worth remembering that color choices should be thoughtful and not distract from subsequent work in your sketchbook.

Use painted areas to contain text

In many cases, the brainstorming phase of an Art project has to be completed quickly, however, if you are a fast drawer and have a spare weekend, you might wish to produce a collection of drawings to illustrate your ideas. You might wish to include a range of different mediums. Before spending considerable time on this exercise, you should check with your art teacher whether this is appropriate for your project.

Draw lots of small pictures to illustrate ideas visually

Integrate a mind map with an ‘incomplete’ image that extends across the page. Many Art students find that drawing itself allows them to relax and thoughts to flow freely. You may wish to make a mind map in and around an observational drawing that sprawls across a page, in a fragmented, semi-complete way. As you think of possible ideas, these could be scrawled upon the drawing and extending out from this, creating an organic and spontaneous record of ideas. Strong observational drawers could find this an excellent way to flaunt skill to the examiner from the very first page of their sketchbook.

Integrate a mind map with an ‘incomplete’ image 

Collecting, ripping and arranging a range of images, textures and surfaces can provide a creative base upon which to write and draw further ideas. These pages from a visual journal explore ideas related to illustration, fairytales and mythology.

Collage torn images, textures and surfaces together

Drawing a mind map over blurred and running watercolor forms can result in an exciting abstracted diagram. As mentioned in the above example, colors that link in with the subject matter should be chosen (muted, softer colors are usually more appropriate than psychedelic pinks and greens, for example).

Draw over an abstract watercolour ground

This is the part 1 of the ideas for creating attractive mind maps..... 😊

writing

Reading & Writing

education

Learning & Education

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

Creative mind maps making (part-1) 

The Fishing Line Technique is a productivity method with the main goal to help you hold your train of thought for as long as possible until you get to something concrete.
The basic principle of the Fishing Line Technique is based on the importance of not being disturbed whilst in the process of trying to come up with new ideas, or any creative process in general.

Fishing Line Technique

If you’ve ever been fishing you know that it’s all about finding the right spot, casting your fishing rod and then starting the big wait.
You sit there, patiently waiting and observing your rod, until you see that something got its first nibble and that there is finally some tension on the line: a fish is on the hook! From now on it’s all about maintaining that tension while carefully and slowly reeling in the line to bring the catch to the shore.

Importance Of The Fishing Line Technique

When you try to come up with new ideas, you first need to spend some proper time pondering over the problem. And once you’re onto something, it’s like when you got some tension on that fishing line! Now it’s all about holding this tension for as long as needed to transform that first glimpse of an idea into something more concrete – which in our fishing example equals bringing the fish to the shore.If at that very moment, when the idea is finally materializing, you get distracted by something, your tension on the line is lost and the idea might be gone forever.

The Idea Generation Process

Whenever you’re trying to come up with a new idea, trying to work out a solution to something or doing any creative work in general, make sure beforehand that nothing will disturb you.This means basically doing three main things:<ul><li>Allocate proper time for thinking and doing some deep work, and let others know that you won’t be available during this time.</li><li>Retreat to a space where you can be undisturbed for as long as needed and tune out any potential distraction with background sounds.</li><li>Make sure every possible notification is turned off.</li></ul>

Fishing Line Technique In Practice

The fishing line technique has the main goal to help you hold your train of thought for as long as possible until you get to something concrete.

productivity

Productivity

philosophy

Philosophy

The Fishing Line Technique - Noisli

Personal identity is the essential property that makes you, you.

Personal Identity

This theory suggests that you retain your identity because you remain in the same body from birth to death.•But our bodies replenish and remodel itselves throughout the entire course of our lives.

Body Theory

According to JOHN LOCKE the thing that makes you YOU is the non-physical stuff– your consciousness.•If personal identity requires a memory, then none of us became who we are until our first memory. Which means we all lost at least a couple of years at the beginning.

Memory Theory

Personal identity persists over time because you retain memories of yourself at different points, and each of those memories is connected to one before it.•If you can remember back to your first day of kindergarten, you maintain a memory link to that person.

Memory Chain

Today Hank is building on last week’s exploration of identity to focus on personal identity. Does it in reside in your body? Is it in the collective memories of your consciousness? There are, of course, strengths and weaknesses to both of these ideas, and that’s what we’re talking about today. Get your own Crash Course Philosophy mug from DFTBA: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-philosophy-mug The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqJzeaJAV15Tq0tZ1vKj7ZV -- All other images and video either public domain or via VideoBlocks, or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ -- Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace. http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashC... Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

crypto

Cryptocurrency

videos

Videos

artificialintelligence

Artificial Intelligence

Today Hank is building on last week’s exploration of identity to focus on personal identity. Does it in reside in your body? Is it in the collective memories of your consciousness? There are, of course, strengths and weaknesses to both of these ideas, and that’s what we’re talking about today.

--

Images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashC...
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com 
Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

At Crash Course, we believe that high-quality educational videos should be available to everyone for free! 

Subscribe for weekly videos from our current courses! Right now, we're producing Climate & Energy. The Crash Course team has produced more than 45 courses on a wide variety of subjects, including organic chemistry, literature, world history, biology, philosophy, theater, ecology, and many more!  We also recently teamed up with Arizona State University to bring you more courses on the Study Hall channel.

Help support Crash Course at Patreon.com/CrashCourse.

CrashCourse

Personal Identity: Crash Course Philosophy #19

“Every artist was first an amateur”

“Creativity takes courage”

"Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once we grow up "

“You don’t take a photograph, you make it”

Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time.”

These are some famous quotes by famous artists everyone should know .... 

For most people, beginning of a new year seems like the perfect time to begin work with enthusiasm and new inspirations. And yet, after a festive season ends, artists often find that getting back into an effective working regimen is an uphill struggle. That spark, which normally makes the creative process a joy is not

5 Famous short Quotes About Art !

<ul><li>compensation</li><li>work</li><li>lifestyle</li><li>Contribution</li><li>celebration of success</li></ul>

Four pillars of a fulfilling career

<ul><li>relieve stress</li><li>Change self talk </li><li>remember to eat</li><li>Better life changing experience</li><li>makes friends relevant for your response</li><li>enjoy every moment</li></ul>

6 formula for more output less overwhelm

Taking advice from everywhere is a good idea but try to implement

And How To Do

Improve, develop and enhance your personality with pro tips, training & quotes

Personality Development

In order to think up new and exciting projects, Burrill lets his mind and his body wander in the world. A walk in a new neighbourhood or a weekend trip can give you a different outlook on your surroundings. “I’m constantly looking out for examples of interesting typefaces and graphic images”, says Burrill, “seeing new things helps to spark off new ideas.”

1.     Change your daily routine and look at the world through fresh eyes

When Burrill was young, he used to collect keepsakes from his family travels in scrapbooks – leaflets from museums; tickets for plays, art galleries, and historic sites; receipts from restaurants; photos of everyday landscapes and road signs. Over time he built up a collection of ephemera that continue to inspire his work. Burrill believes that “soaking up new influences is an important part of forming your creative DNA”.

2.     Document everything, take photographs, collect things and keep mementos

When Burrill began his career as an artist, he couldn’t afford a computer, so he had to find new and inventive ways to make things. “It’s much better to use what you have around you then to spend lots of money producing something” says Burrill, “it’s about being clever with what you have and seeing the benefits in the restrictions you have.” It may seem counterintuitive, but limiting yourself may give your creativity more room to flourish.

3.     Be resourceful

While social media is a great way to show off your work, it’s not the best way to stay focused and avoid distraction. Burrill checks his email just three times a day during planned, short answering sessions. This way, he stops his online activity from ruling his day, avoids procrastination and keeps his concentration. Shutting your phone off for the majority of the working day can prevent you from wasting time and help you be more creative.

4.     Keep your phone at arm’s length

After leaving art school, this became Burrill’s mantra – and still is. “Sometimes opportunities come along disguised as something else, you need to learn to look beyond the obvious”, he says. A positive attitude and openness to new projects could lead you to your next creative project.

5.     Say ‘yes’ more than ‘no’

Anthony Burrill has been exhibiting his work in galleries across the world for over 15 years, finding inspiration in the most unlikely of places. I read his book Make it Now! to discover how I too could unleash my creativity. Follow these top tips to do the same.

How to be more creative

Few major technologies emerge suddenly. They’re usually the product of gradual tinkering and experimentation, with engineers and designers puttering around for years or even decades. Things get slowly refined, and the new tech starts being used in real-world circumstances, but mostly in niche areas.Eventually, some mass-market inventor notices these niche uses and realizes huh, this tech really works now. They build it into a mainstream product — which bursts into truly mass adoption.

How New Tech Gets Adopted

The long nose of tech shows that it is under the radar, out of the mainstream for years, even decades, until the technology is refined and then mass-adopted.The X-axis is time; the Y-axis is adoption. During the long period when the technology is being refined, it’s not very widespread. Then suddenly it bursts into mass adoption.

The Long Nose Of Innovative Tech

If you wanted to predict the Next Big Thing, the Long Nose theory suggests that you don’t need to look in top-secret corporate innovation labs or in the latest scientific literature.No, you look in the world around you. You go “prospecting and mining” — and see what tools are already being eagerly used in areas that lie just outside the mainstream. Those are the technologies that are being stress-tested to the point where they’re ripe to become a mass phenomenon. And you look for something that has that element of “surprising obviousness.”

Looking For The Next Big Thing

I wrote earlier this week about the difficulty of figuring out whether a new technology is going to be a Big New Thing or remain a pipe dream of die-hard true believers. It reminded me of a great…

technologyandthefuture

Technology & The Future

The ‘Long Nose’ Theory of Tech Innovation

Find 100+ Facts about Creativity - Curated by others from trusted sources like Books, Podcasts & Articles - Genuine Insights from like-minded Users like You!